Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) involves the use of an implanted device to deliver controlled electrical impulses to the vagus nerve, which serves as a major communication pathway between the brain and the body's internal organs. This therapy is primarily used to manage conditions that have not responded to standard treatments.
The FDA has approved VNS for individuals with refractory epilepsy and chronic, treatment-resistant depression. By stimulating the nerve, the device can alter the activity of neurotransmitters and specific brain regions involved in seizure control and mood regulation, providing relief where medications have failed to produce significant results.
The procedure for VNS involves a small surgical incision to place a pulse generator in the chest, with a wire lead wrapped around the left vagus nerve in the neck. The device can be programmed to deliver stimulation in specific cycles, such as 30 seconds of activity every five minutes. Patients can also use a magnet to trigger extra stimulation if they feel a seizure coming on.
Recent research is exploring the "anti-inflammatory reflex" mediated by the vagus nerve, suggesting that VNS could be used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease. This broadening of VNS applications highlights its potential as a versatile tool in neuromodulation. As the technology continues to advance, smaller, more discreet devices and non-invasive transcutaneous stimulators are being developed, offering more options for patients seeking alternatives to pharmaceutical interventions.